A152I At the time of the first oil shock in fiscal 1973, oil supplied 77.4% of Japan's primary-energy needs but, by the second oil shock in 1979, this had fallen to 71.5% as a result of a series of policies to reduce oil dependence. The policies included the promotion of energy conservation; research in, and development of, alternative energy sources to replace oil; and the replacement of oil-related city gas by natural gas. Subsequently, oil dependence fell a further 49.0% in fiscal 2005. So the correct answer is (c). Nevertheless, Japan's oil dependence is still high compared to that of Western nations. According to a survey of national oil dependence by the International Energy Agency (lEA), Japan's oil-dependence rate in 2003 was 50% while that of the United States was 40%. Britain had a 35% dependence rate, Germany 36%, France 34% and Italy 48%.